Роль гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адренокортикальной системы человека в адаптации к физическим нагрузкам
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2021-2-3-279-296Ключевые слова:
физические упражнения, здоровые добровольцы, гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адренокортикальная система, глюкокортикоиды, рецепторы глюкокортикоидных гормоновАннотация
Регулярная физическая нагрузка, особенно связанная с развитием аэробных способностей, способствует укреплению физического и психического здоровья человека. Повышение уровня тренированности снижает риск общей смертности как здоровых людей, так и людей с хроническими заболеваниями. Физические упражнения сопровождаются активацией гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адренокортикальной системы (ГГАКС), степень которой зависит в первую очередь от интенсивности и длительности нагрузки. Глюкокортикоиды надпочечников, гормоны конечного звена ГГАКС и их синтетические аналоги могут оказывать положительное влияние на физическую форму человека. Они способствуют адаптации углеводного и жирового обмена к энергетическим потребностям организма во время выполнения физических упражнений; оказывают противовоспалительное и иммуносупрессивное действие, защищая работающие мышцы от повреждений. Адаптация к регулярным физическим нагрузкам изменяет реактивность ГГАКС чаще всего в сторону уменьшения ее восприимчивости к отрицательной обратной связи. Она также сопровождается изменениями чувствительности тканей к глюкокортикоидам, что может быть связано с появлением вариаций в количестве и чувствительности глюкокортикоидных рецепторов. В обзоре рассматриваются факторы, влияющие на реакцию ГГАКС в ответ на однократные и регулярные физические упражнения, обсуждается ее роль в адаптации человека к физическим нагрузкам. Подчеркивается большое влияние на уровень реактивности ГГАКС во время упражнений индивидуальных особенностей человека.
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