Переливание крови: становление

Авторы

  • Екатерина Александровна Никитина Институт физиологии им. И. П. Павлова РАН; Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А. И. Герцена https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1897-8392

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2022-3-3-286-307

Ключевые слова:

кровообращение, переливание крови, история физиологии, история медицины, Джеймс Бланделл

Аннотация

XIX век — время становления переливания крови, история которого уходит вглубь веков. В этот период после полуторавекового забвения вновь возрождается интерес к гемотрансфузии, в чем ключевую роль сыграл Эдинбургский университет, именно с его выпускниками связано становление переливания крови. Среди них прежде всего необходимо выделить Джеймса Бланделла, осуществившего в 1818 г. первое переливание от человека к человеку. Работы Бланделла представляли одно из первых систематических исследований в области переливания крови и положили начало новой эре трансфузионной медицины. Им и его последователями, многие из которых незаслуженно забыты, была доказана опасность гетерологичного переливания крови; выявлено, что венозная кровь так же подходит для переливания, как и артериальная; разработаны подходы к предотвращению свертывания крови, в том числе подогревание, дефибринирование и использование антикоагулянтов; усовершенствованы методические приемы, применяемые при трансфузиях инструменты и устройства; отмечено, что в них не должен попадать воздух. Одновременно с развитием гемотрансфузии проводились исследования внутривенного введения различных жидкостей и газов, способствовавшие развитию внутривенной терапии. Однако переливание крови внедрялось в медицинскую практику довольно медленно, так как нередко приводило к гибели пациентов. Это было обусловлено как несовершенством процедуры и инструментария, так и непознанностью причин несовместимости человеческой крови. Данный обзор отражает основные направления развития переливания крови в XIX веке в зарубежной физиологии и медицине.

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Опубликован

30.11.2022

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