Effectiveness of space countermeasures to prevent hyperreflexia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2023-4-3-335-345Keywords:
support withdrawal, hyperreflexia, soleus muscle, trans-spinal magnetic stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, dry immersion, electromyostimulation, Penguin axial loading suitAbstract
Due to the adaptation to a spaceflight, the functioning of the sensorimotor system changes, which is followed by the development of hypogravitational motor syndrome. Specifically, hypogravitational hyperreflexia develops as a natural response to the absence of ground force reaction. Russian scholars developed a set of countermeasures that are used on board the International Space Station. It has been shown to effectively reduce the negative effects of microgravity. The countermeasures are numerous which makes it impossible to estimate the effectiveness of each particular one in the conditions of spaceflight. In contrast, ground-based models of physiological effects of spaceflight make it possible to study mechanisms and effects of different preventative approaches. The aim of the reported research was to assess the potential of such measures as low-frequency electromyostimulation and the Penguin axial loading suit in preventing the development of hyperreflexia under the conditions of five-day Dry Immersion of 24 healthy subjects. Excitability of nervous structures was determined through thresholds and maximal amplitudes of shin muscle motor responses evoked with transcranial and trans-spinal magnetic stimulation. The study of motor responses in soleus and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles was conducted twice before the immersion, in the first hours and on the second day after its completion. The obtained results demonstrate a greater effect of electrostimulation in preventing spinal hyperreflexia compared to the effect of axial load compensation and proprioceptive stimulation. Interestingly, the use of the Penguin suit led to a significant increase in the amplitudes of evoked motor responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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