МикроРНК — Нобелевская премия по физиологии/медицине 2024 («Все великое начинается с малого»)

Авторы

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2025-6-1-20-25

Ключевые слова:

микроРНК, регуляция активности генов, Нобелевская премия, когнитивные функции/дисфункции, развитие организмов, болезни, C. elegans

Аннотация

В 2024 году Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине была присуждена американским ученым Виктору Эмбросу и Гэри Равкану — за «открытие нового фундаментального принципа регуляции активности генов» посредством небольших некодирующих молекул РНК, получивших название микроРНК. Модельным организмом исследователям послужил маленький червь нематода — C. elegans. В обзоре приводятся данные об истории открытия и прогрессе, достигнутом в последние годы в понимании многообразных функций микроРНК от простейших до человека. Указана важнейшая роль микроРНК в регуляции развития организмов, в когнитивных процессах, в том числе в долговременной памяти, и о связи микроРНК с нарушением когнитивных функций при болезнях Альцгеймера, Хантингтона, Паркинсона и старческой деменции. Кроме того, последние данные свидетельствуют о высоком потенциале микроРНК для диагностики и терапии вышеперечисленных заболеваний, а также рака, диабета и сердечно-сосудистых патологий. Таким образом, открытия в области микроРНК, сделанные с использованием простейшего представителя животного мира нематоды, явились триггером для получения важнейших фундаментальных и прикладных знаний, которые смогут служить человечеству.

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Опубликован

01.07.2025

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