Различные экспериментальные модели в изучении влияния пренатальной гипоксии на развитие мозга
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2022-3-4-432-454Ключевые слова:
онтогенез, пренатальная гипоксия/ишемия, мозг, поведение, обучениеАннотация
Проблема пренатальной гипоксии и отдаленных ее последствий является чрезвычайно актуальной с точки зрения механизмов развития различных патологических состояний. Исследования молекулярно-клеточных и эпигенетических механизмов, лежащих в основе нарушений поведения и способности к обучению, возникающих в результате действия повреждающих воздействий в критические периоды пренатального онтогенеза, невозможны без использования модельных экспериментов на животных, которые могут воспроизводить эмбриональное развитие человека, особенно развитие мозга плода. При изучении влияния пренатальной гипоксии-ишемии на животных используется большое количество протоколов, различающихся по виду и возрасту животных, по применяемому воздействию, его степени и продолжительности, а также по возрасту, когда происходит тестирование изучаемых параметров. В обзоре представлены различные модели на животных создания гипоксии/ишемии в различные периоды пре- и перинатального онтогенеза. Практически во всех рассматриваемых моделях показано отставание в развитии мозга, нарушения поведения и способности к обучению. Как правило, они связаны не столько с потерей нейронов у взрослых животных, как с изменениями их функциональной активности. Степень и направленность изменений на молекулярно-клеточном уровне зачастую бывает различной в зависимости от типа и сроков воздействия. Несмотря на большое количество исследований в этом направлении, полного понимания молекулярно-клеточных механизмов, лежащих в основе нарушений развития мозга вследствие воздействия пренатальной гипоксии, еще нет.
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