Review of domestic and international approaches to understanding the mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2026-7-1-77-88Keywords:
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), micropolarization, neuronal activity modulation, neuronal membrane potentiation, neuromodulation, polarization effectAbstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which transcranial electrical stimulation procedures modulate the central nervous system is a crucial task in modern physiology and psychophysiology. Among the specific methods of non-invasive stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) continues to attract steadily growing interest from scientists, clinicians, and the general public, given its expanding use as a tool in basic and applied research, as well as in clinical trials. The scale and breadth of research employing tDCS procedures necessitate careful consideration of the underlying mechanisms — specifically, the stimulation-induced physiological alterations — to enhance the understanding of its utility as a research or therapeutic tool. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the observed effects of tDCS will aid in the development of optimal stimulation protocols, leading to improved outcomes and greater confidence in its clinical application. This article reviews the fundamentals of neuronal activity modulation via tDCS. The review synthesizes findings from both Russian and international studies on the mechanisms underlying tDCS effects, incorporating data from the last five years.
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Rahman, A., Reato, D., Arlotti, M. et al. (2013) Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: Somatic and synaptic terminal effects. The Journal of Physiology, vol. 591, no. 10, pp. 2563–2578. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247171 (In English)
Rizzo, V., Terranova, C., Crupi, D. et al. (2014) Increased transcranial direct current stimulation after effects during concurrent peripheral electrical nerve stimulation. Brain Stimulation, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.10.002 (In English)
Sánchez León, C., Cordones, I., Ammann, C. et al. (2021) Immediate and after effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex. Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, article 3123. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82364-4 (In English)
Sehatpour, P., Dondé, C., Hoptman, M. et al. (2020) Network-level mechanisms underlying effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on visuomotor learning. Neuroimage, vol. 223, article 117311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117311 (In English)
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