Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты: повреждающее действие на слизистую оболочку желудка и способы защиты от их ульцерогенного влияния

Авторы

  • Ольга Юрьевна Морозова Институт физиологии им. И. П. Павлова РАН

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2021-2-4-390-398

Ключевые слова:

нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты, желудочно-кишечный тракт, повреждения слизистой оболочки, простагландины, глюкокортикоидные гормоны, гастропротекция

Аннотация

Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (НСПВП) применяют при различных заболеваниях для снятия боли и уменьшения воспалительного процесса. Однако применение НСПВП может приводить к нежелательным побочным эффектам на почки, сердце, желудочно-кишечный тракт (ЖКТ) и центральную нервную систему, что существенно осложняет использование этих препаратов в клинике. В обзоре проанализированы данные литературы о противовоспалительном действии НСПВП и их нежелательных побочных эффектах. Особое внимание уделяется неблагоприятному действию НСПВП на ЖКТ. Прием НСПВП может приводить к появлению диспептических симптомов, гастропатии, повреждениям слизистых оболочек ЖКТ, в том числе эрозиям и язвам, которые могут сопровождаться желудочно-кишечными кровотечениями и перфорациями. Механизмы повреждения желудка при действии НСПВП включают уменьшение кровотока в слизистой оболочке, увеличение проницаемости микрососудов, снижение секреции слизи и бикарбонатов, изменение перекисного окисления липидов с разрушением структуры клеточных мембран. Ярко выраженным ульцерогенным действием обладают неселективные НСПВП, среди которых индометацин и аспирин. Повреждающее действие ЦОГ-2 селективных НСПВП на слизистые оболочки ЖКТ выражено в меньшей степени, чем неселективных, однако они могут приводить к серьезным кардиологическим проблемам. Для снижения ульцерогенного эффекта НСПВП применяют средства, понижающие секрецию соляной кислоты в желудке, препараты, ассоциированные с мембранными фосфолипидами и содержащие в своей структуре оксид азота и сероводород. Прием НСПВП увеличивает уровень глюкокортикоидных гормонов в крови, которые компенсируют отсутствие простагландинов и оказывают гастропротективный эффект. Физическая нагрузка стимулирует естественные защитные факторы организма и защищает слизистую оболочку желудка от воздействия НСПВП. В связи с этим обстоятельством выяснение механизмов ульцерогенного действия НСПВП на ЖКТ и гастропротективных механизмов, противостоящих этому повреждающему действию, разработка научно обоснованных подходов для уменьшения негативного влияния препаратов данной группы является важной задачей и требует дальнейших физиологических исследований.

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16.03.2022

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