Modern aspects of the organization of molecules of the main histocompatibility complex and the development of the immune response
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2024-5-3-261-282Keywords:
antigens, antigen-presenting cells, major histocompatibility complex, lysosomes, lymphocytes, receptors, phagosomes, classical dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cellsAbstract
This article reviews contemporary research on the biological functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the recognition of foreign antigens and the development of the adaptive immune response. The presentation of antigens by MHC molecules triggers the initiation of adaptive immunity. Recognition of these antigens by T cell receptors activates T-lymphocyte proliferation and the subsequent cell-mediated immune response. The peptide repertoire of the presented antigens is largely determined by the structural characteristics of the binding region of each specific allelic variant of MHC molecules. Peptide editors, such as tapasin for MHC class I molecules and human leukocyte antigen DM for class II molecules, play crucial roles in selecting antigens and ensuring their high-affinity binding. After antigen processing, the peptide repertoire displayed by MHC molecules is significantly influenced by the structural properties of the antigenbinding site of each specific MHC allele. Antigen-presenting cells employ a cross-presentation mechanism to sample extracellular antigens and present them to MHC molecules. Identifying peptide loading sites during cross-presentation remains a key challenge in immunology. Additionally, the conserved, monomorphic MR1 molecule presents small organic molecules, which are recognized by invariant T cell receptors. The effective presentation of antigens also depends on subpopulations of classical dendritic cells (types 1 and 2) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whose functions are regulated by distinct transcription factors expressed in unique combinations.
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